Pitch
Ecological / Economic KEYS to GHG balance, quick scale productivity, resilience, food security, water availability, energy supply and income
Description
Summary
The effects of Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry in GHGs Atmospheric Balance (1) and Land Resources are described, compared and their causes analyzed.
The core CAUSES are focused and according to them the imperative ACTIONS that drive to Balanced GHGs and Sustainable Land Use. (2)
- Producers do not apply all environmental conservation technology available.
- Markets are not able to warn the deterioration in time when they do is usually late, then it is imperative to regulate them to do so.
The KEYS for GHGs BALANCE and SUSTAINABLE USE OF LAND RESOURCES, involve a system of:
- Effective Conservation Production Practices
- Taxes, Economically possible and relatively Attractive to the producer
The agronomical actions proposed have long been successfully experienced and accepted worldwide.
The taxation system proposed "GHGs and Land Sustainable Taxes / Exemptions in Return Conservation Investments to initially lead Producers and ultimately the Economic System towards a Sustainable Production Technology is what makes this proposal feasible.
It is a proposal for the region Pampeana of Argentina, scalable in the country and worldwide.
Net Emissions-Sink in CO2 equivalents/year/person, from Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry in this country, are higher than those of UN country groups like Annex 1 (developed), Non-Annex 1 (developing) and World, unveiling from this perspective an outstanding Unsustainability of such production sector systems and a suitable place to carry out this proposal. (3) (4) (5)
Watch this VIDEO (References *), a current example of GHGs mitigation and Land Use (agriculture, livestock, forestry) conservation in the northeastern sloping landscape of region Pampeana, Argentina.
(1) IPCC, 2014, from Summary for Policy Makers
2) Core CAUSES and imperative ACTIONS for Balanced GHGs / Sustainable Land Use
Table CAUSES/ACTIONS
(3) GHG Emissions BALANCE / Contribution by Land and Energy Use
Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry / Annex 1, Non-Annex, World, Argentina
(4)
(5)
What actions do you propose?
To better understand the ACTIONS, a brief about,
CAUSES
Core CAUSES, summarized below and then explained.
Table CAUSES
EMISSIONS / R: Reduces; S: Sequesters; I: Increases
GHGs Emissions
AGRICULTURE
+GHGs Balance CAUSES
Agriculture 3 majors GHGs sequestration/emissions sources are:
1. – CO2 Sequestration from Photosynthesis – Respiration = + Biomass (S)
2. + NO2 Emissions from Nitrification/Denitrification due to N fertilization practices (I)
3. + CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuels used to crop production management as tillage, planting, cultivation, fertilization, weed/ /insects/disease control, harvest, conditioning, storage, transportation, processing, … (I)
LIVESTOCK
+GHGs Emissions CAUSES
Livestock production 4 majors GHGs emissions sources are:
1. +CO2 Emissions from Respiration (I)
2. +NO2 Emissions from Nitrification/Denitrification due to manure and N fertilization practice when present (I)
3. +CH4 Emissions from Digestion Process/enteric fermentation (I)
4. +CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuels used in livestock, pasture management, forage production, feeding, transportation, processing, … (I)
FORESTRY
+GHGs Balance CAUSES
Forestry 4 majors GHGs sequestration/emissions sources are:
Deforestation
1. +CO2 Emissions balance from Net Photosynthesis decrease, Area cleared (I)
2. +CO2 Emissions from Biomass Oxidation (natural or burning) of removed Forest (I)
3. +CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuels combustion (cutting, transportation, manufacturing, burning, …) (I)
Afforestation / Replanting
1. –CO2 Sequestration from Net Photosynthesis increase, Area added/recovered (S)
2. +CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel combustion (planting, transportation, manufacturing, processing, …) (I)
Unsustainable Land Use
AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, and FORESTRY, all have 4 majors drivers to Unsustainable Land Use / No Resilient Landscapes
- Unsustainable Land Use CAUSES
a. Soil uncover
Bare Soils exposure to rainfall and wind blowing, drives to Erosion, Water Infiltration Decrease, Materials, and Nutrient Loss, … hence to the irreversible soil Deterioration of the Soil Resource and Productivity Decrease.
b. Nutrients and Water cycles break and depletion
Nutrients used for Biomass Production are Partially Recycled, except O, H and at times part of C and N, the rest, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cl, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ni, … are mostly Exported out of production fields, as a Slow Mining.
Water often bypasses the normal cycle lowering Aquifers Levels.
c. Agrochemical Pollution
Agrochemical applications (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, …) to control crop weeds/insects/diseases, pollutes life, atmosphere, water, soil, …
d. Biodiversity Loss
Production is concentrated in quite a Few Majors Crop/Breeds/Species decreasing the amount of Genetic Resources availability, a Key Fundamental Resource for ecosystems structure, function, regulation and hence for Food Security.
ACTIONS
Imperative ACTIONS, that can be, rapidly implemented and brought to scale to address, Balanced GHGs and Sustainable, Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry Land Use, summarized below and then detailed and explained.
Table ACTIONS
ACTIONS / R: Reduce; S: Sequesters; 1 to 4 and letters following, a to c, indicate the cause/s to which the action relates
AGRICULTURE
13a. No-Tillage/Terraces (R+S)
Specific actions:
- No-Tillage and/or Terraces, … greatly reduce Water Erosion, as long as they achieve a full soil coverage.
- Coverage/Barrier Plants, … greatly reduce Wind Erosion, as long as they achieve full soil coverage.
The Technology is available.
Full Sustainability means 0-Erosion.
12b. Nutrients/Water Recycling (R)
Nutrients
Specific actions:
- Crop Residues, must remain in the soil
- Wastes Return, from animal feed and human food to production fields (Industries: Grain Conditioning/Processing, Feed and Food processing, Feed and Food Production, Poultry/Swine/Beef Production, Human, Sewage Treatment, …)
- Nitrogen fixation by legumes/other species in the future, including them as part of rotations.
- New Recycling Industry able to recycle sedimentary nutrients from where, soil erosion and human consumption deposit them (oceans, maritime coasts, lakes, the mouth of rivers, deltas, ...) is imperative to promote.
The Technology available should be applied to return nutrients exported, back to production fields.
Full Sustainability means Complete Nutrient Recycling.
Water
Specific actions:
- Irrigation Adjustment, to maintain and ensure a proper level of aquifers.
The Technology already is enough and available.
Full Sustainability means Aquifers 0-Depletion.
1bc. Biotech/ (weeds, insects, fungus, ... resistance) (R)
Specific actions:
- Biotech Development, to replace the use of Agrochemicals to control competitors by incorporating resistance.
- Biotech Development to increase yields, incorporate N fixation abilities in crop species, and all kinds of production features (photosynthesis /water use/ nutrient use/ efficiencies, …)
Biotechnology is in part available while growing and developing.
Full Sustainability means 0-Pollution.
1d. Reservations/National, State, County, Farm level (S)
Specific actions:
- Beyond National, State, County current Land Reservations, each -Farm/Production Unit must have a part (e.g., 3%) of its land Reserved to keep the biodiversity resource.
Farm Reservations must be followed up with a plan of registrations, that will be invaluable material for research & development of new technologies.
The Technology is already available.
Full Sustainability means from now on 0-Biodiversity loss.
1abc. BIOFUELS FROM FOOD FEEDSTOCKS, STOP (R)
Actual Agriculture is not sustainable (+Emissions + "Unsustainability" a. b. c. d.).
Therefore, we need to adjust the size of agriculture just to the food market demand and security stocks while preventing food prices rising, and meanwhile, make it sustainable.
Biofuel production, from Corn (Ethanol), Soybeans (Biodiesel), are neither sustainable nor economic without subsidies. Even from Sugarcane (Ethanol) that is the most efficient, become unsustainable and no economic, when GHGs emissions, erosion, nutrient and water depletion, agrochemical pollution, biodiversity loss, ... costs, as well as subsidies, were considered as production costs.
We can start to consider biofuels from non-food feedstock, no- erosion, full-nutrient recycling, no-aquifer level variation, ... costs assessed the full life cycle, unsubsidized cost of fossil fuel, a negative balance of GHGs.
Specific actions:
- Stop Biofuels production from Food Feedstock Commodities source.
LIVESTOCK
14a. No-Tillage/Terraces (R+S)
(Same as AGRICULTURE 13a.)
12b. Nutrients/Water Recycling (R)
Nutrients
Specific actions:
- Crop Residues must remain in the soil
- Wastes Return of animal feed and human food to production fields
- Nitrogen fixation by legumes, including them as part of rotations.
The Technology is already available.
Full Sustainability means Complete Nutrient Recycling.
Water
Specific actions:
- Irrigation Adjustment to maintain and ensure a proper level of aquifers.
The Technology is already is available.
Full Sustainability means Aquifers 0-Depletion.
1bc. Biotech/ (weeds, insects, fungus, ... resistance) (R)
Specific actions:
- Biotech Development to replace the use of Agrochemicals in Livestock health
- Biotech Development to modify the ability of Livestock to increase feed conversion efficiency, as well as digestion processes dealing with GHGs Emissions as Enteric Fermentation.
Biotechnology is in part available while growing and developing.
Full Sustainability means 0-Pollution.
1d. Reservations/National, State, County, Farm level (S)
(Same as AGRICULTURE 1 d.)
3. Manure Energy Production (R)
Specific Actions:
- Livestock Wastes Management uses as feedstock to produce methane gas as fuel to power farm generators. The rest of Nutrients simultaneously recycled.
-The technology already is enough and available.
Full Sustainability means complete Nutrients Recycling.
1-4. DECREASE RATIO/ Secondary / Primary Production
World food production must tend to a lower Secondary/Primary Production ratio, it is imperative a shorter food chain.
Specific actions:
- Reduction of relative production importance of Beef Cattle, by far the least efficient in terms of Food Energy/Feed Energy with swine and poultry, ...
FORESTRY
123 abcd. DEFORESTATION STOP (S)
Deforestation must stop, because: it is a source of GHGs sequestration and leads to soil uncover/erosion, land cleared is occupied by agriculture and/or livestock, yet unsustainable activities, and an irreversible change in the biosphere.
Specific actions:
- Deforestation Stop, everywhere.
The Technology is already available.
Full Sustainability from now on means 0-Deforestation.
12abc. Afforestation + Replanting/Reservation (S)
Afforestation and replanting/reservation must start over deforested areas, damaged by erosion, deteriorated soils (organic matter loss, nutrients depleted, …).
Specific actions:
- Afforestation and Replanting/Reservation in all the areas, damaged by erosion, depletion of nutrients and organic matter loss.
The Technology is already available.
Full Sustainability from now on means 0-Land Resources Deterioration.
1bc. Biotech/(weeds, insects, fungus,… resistance) (R)
Specific actions:
- Biotech Development to replace the use of Agrochemicals to control competitors by incorporating resistance.
Biotechnology is in part available while growing and developing.
Full Sustainability means 0-Pollution.
1d. Reservations/ National, State, County,… Farm level (S)
Specific actions:
- Beyond National, State, County current Land Reservations, each Farm or production unit must have an (e.g., 3%) of its land reserved to keep the biodiversity resource.
The technology is already available.
Full Sustainability means from now on 0-Biodiversity loss.
AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, and FORESTRY
3. FOSSIL FUELS REPLACEMENT
Sustainable Energy Sources/ (Solar, Wind, …) (R)
Fossil fuel GHG emissions must be drastically decreased (tillage, planting, cultivation, fertilization, weed/insects/disease control, harvest, conditioning, transportation, processing, manufacturing, processing …
Specific actions:
- Fossil Fuels, Replacement by Solar, Wind, … sources through electric and/or hydrogen powered engines.
- Energy Use Efficiency
Energy Use Efficiency, may be drastically increased, by the already increasing available technology (energy storage, distributed energy, Intelligent grids, Intelligent machinery, …) as well as for the re-design of manufacturing, transportation, distribution, waste reduction, ... processes.
The Technology is already available, as well as growing and developing fast.
Full Sustainability means 0-Fossil Fuels in the future, anyway.
MARKET REGULATIONS
Products and Services are supplied in the Markets regardless Land deterioration and/or Atmosphere Pollution, their costs are not reflected in quantities nor in prices.
Specific Actions:
-Two TAXES, GHGs, and LAND SUSTAINABLE / EXEMPTED RETURN the proposed ACTIONS implementation make converge,
Funding available
Knowhow guidance
Managers motivated (land owners)
At the same time, a powerful way,
Economically appealing
Suitable for numerous and diverse cases, under variable conditions
Managerially effective and efficient
These specific new taxes should be considered in conjunction with existing, related to land use / agriculture, livestock, forestry and emissions of GHGs, absorbing or replacing them, depending circumstances.
Descriptions of taxes are summarized in the following tables.
- LAND SUSTAINABLE TAX / EXEMPTIONS IN RETURN ACTIONS PROPOSED, Agriculture, Livestock, and Forestry
- GHGs / EMISSIONS CO2 eq. TAX / EXEMPTIONS IN RETURN ACTIONS PROPOSED, Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry
GHGs and LAND SUSTAINABLE TAXES IMPLEMENTATION
Main Variables put together / Implementation work Table
The higher the Taxation Rate, economically feasible, the greater the Expected Reversion Speed and/or Stop of Land Degradation and Atmosphere Pollution.
- FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES ELIMINATION
A critical issue outside the scope of this proposal
Who will take these actions?
- Governmental Bodies / Federal, State, County level
Market Regulations, Taxes, Research, Technology, Education, Promotion
In Argentina
MAGyP / Ministerio de Agricultura Ganaderia y Pesca
INTA / Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
ME / Ministerio de Economía
MPF / SE / Secretaría de Energía
…
- Educational Organizations / Universities, Colleges, Schools
Education, Research, Technology, Advice
Public and Private Universities
In Argentina
UBA / Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires
UNLP / Universidad Nacional de La Plata
… … …
And around 100 private and public Universities-
- Business Organizations / Federal, State, County level,
Advice, Promotion, Lobby, …
In Argentina
CREA / Consorcios Regionales de Producción Agrícola
AAPRESID / Asociación de Productores de Siembra Directa
SRA / Sociedad Rural Argentina
CRA / Confederaciones Rurales Argentinas
CONINAGRO / Confederación Intercooperativa Agropecuaria
FAA / Federación Agraria Argentina
Cooperativas Agrícolas Ganaderas y Forestales
IAE / Instituto Argentino de la Energía GM
............................................................................................
Where will these actions be taken?
This Proposal is a set of core ACTIONS to be implemented integrally, tailored to the particular circumstances of each place, to ensure and scale-up Sustainable Land Use and Balanced GHGs Emissions, wherever Agriculture, Livestock or Forestry are performed.
Because LAND SUSTAINABLE and GHGs TAXES to be effective must be lawful, the Global progress of ACTIONS proposed have to be implemented by Country, or Group of Countries among which there is an international agreement on these issues.
Global Land Photosynthetic Area (NASA)
A country where these ACTIONS may be taken is ARGENTINA, an outstanding producer and manufacturer of agricultural, livestock and forestry commodities for the domestic and international market.
Net Emissions-Sink CO2 eq. /yr. /person from Agriculture, Livestock, and Forestry in Argentina are higher than Annex 1, Non-Annex 1 and World, unveiling an outstanding Unsustainability of its production systems, and a suitable place to carry out this proposal. (3) (4) (5)
Within Argentina, the selected region is the Pampa Húmeda, Pradera Pampeana or Region Pampeana. An extensive farming area of about 540.000 km2, where most of the country large crops (soybeans, corn, wheat, sunflower, …) and livestock (beef, dairy cattle, …) are produced.
Throughout this region an updated and outstanding level of farming technology such as 0-Tillage, crop rotations, GMO seeds, precision agriculture, fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, animal breeding, rotational grazing, feedlots, ...enables high yields.
Simultaneously, GHGs Emissions, Soil Erosion, Nutrient Cycles Break and Depletion, Agrochemical Pollution, and Biodiversity Loss, are on a path increasingly irreversible.
Region Pampeana Land Use
http://geointa.inta.gov.ar/visor/?p=model_lccs3
http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/maps/map/en/?iso3=ARG&mapID=609
Angel L. Cabrera 1976 / Wikipedia /
The actual Region Pampeana, before the start of actual Land Use, was a Grassland area without trees, surrounded by Forest.
How much will emissions be reduced or sequestered vs. business as usual levels?
Table ACTIONS/HOW MUCH
In the Table above, emissions reduction and sequestration by core ACTIONS proposed are estimated along the Time Line:
- Reservations at FARM LEVEL
Estimated decline: 3 %
- Biofuels from Food Commodities STOP
Food crops demanding new land lead Deforestation
Estimated decline: included in Deforestation
- Decrease RATIO Secondary/Primary Production
Shortening the trophic chain, more efficient, is the best way to reduce emissions and/or increase the sequestration of CO2.
Additionally, inside the Secondary Production, efficiency must drive the relative importance of cattle, swine, poultry, … according to their efficiencies.
Estimated decline: 1/3
- Deforestation STOP
Estimated decline: 100 %
- Fossil Fuel REPLACEMENT by Sustainable sources (solar, wind, …) + Energy Use Efficiency
Estimated decline: 1/3
Estimates are calculated within the context of "ACTIONS proposed in return TAXES / EXEMPTIONS IN RETURN ACTIONS PROPOSED incentive for Producers (farmers, companies, ...).
What are other key benefits?
ECOSYSTEMS / BIOSPHERE SUSTAINABILITY
Structure
Life: Conservation / HEALTH / DIVERSITY
Water: Cycle / AVAILABILITY
Nutrients: Cycles / AVAILABILITY
Functions
Energy Flow: Food Chain / SECURITY
Balances: Feed Back Processes / HABITAT SUSTAINABILITY
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SYSTEM
Structure
Markets: Regulations / WEALTH SUSTAINABILITY
Functions
Taxes become >
Conservation Investments become >
Prices/Quantity/Quality adjustments become >
People Economic Behavior becomes >
CONSERVATION
Conservation Investments, boost the Conservation Related Industry.
- Soil Erosion Prevention Services (terraces, plant barriers, ...)
- BIOTECH (insect resistance, enteric fermentation decrease, animal conversion efficiency, ...)
- FOSSIL FUEL REPLACEMENT (Solar, Wind, Animal Waste, ... Energy)
- Energy Efficiency (Transmission and Distribution Technology, ...)
- Forestry / Afforestation / Replanting Services (nurseries, management, ...)
What are the proposal’s costs?
Initially, Costs are paid by Landowners, that instead of paying SUSTAINABLE LAND and GHGs EMMISIONS TAX have the opportunity to make and manage needed Conservation Investments in their own land.
Conservation Investments, at the same time, become a great promotion for the Conservation Industry (Soil Erosion Prevention Services, BIOTECH industry, CLEAN ENERGY industry, Energy Efficiency industry, Forestry Services, …), detailed in the chapter above "Other key benefits".
Ultimately, as these Taxes or other Equivalent Tools are spread in the World, Costs are paid by Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry Consumers, through a combination of price, amount and quality adjustments on their purchases, enabling this way of Environmental Care to the whole Economic System.
For the Federal and/or State/County administration just remain the design, discussion, presentation, approvals, harmonization, implementation, registration, supervision and improvement of the New Taxes, that can be largely absorbed by the actual administration fixed costs, reassigned.
The currently in force Export Tax for Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry sectors in Argentina, definitely unsustainable, could be replaced by these, with much Lower tax burden.
The Public Sector with the free advice from Business Associations and Educational Organizations have all the information and expertise needed to accomplish this proposal.
Tasks and Costs sharing
ACTIONS: Farmer Investments against Tax Refunding
PROPOSAL:
Design / INTA
Advice / Business Associations, Educational Organizations, … / MAGyP
Implementation, Measurements, Application Tables, … / INTA
Supervision /
Actual technical teams already working at the MAGyP and INTA costs already included in their Annual Budget.
In ongoing activities like Biofuels, High Secondary/Primary Production Ratio, and others, where there are involved long-term investments, previously promoted by law, term/specific arrangements will be necessary.
Time line
Table ACTIONS / TIME LINE
In the Table above, each Phase includes the time needed to design, present, get approval and implement the Policy, as well as harmonize Federal, States and County's requirements.
Phase 1
5-15 years
- "Implementation" of the imperative ACTIONS proposed
Record, Measurements, Supervision, Results, Adjustments, ... region Pampeana
- Bill and Law Approval "National Plan / Balanced GHGs / Sustainable Land Use (agriculture, livestock, forestry)"
- Goals (Tables HOW MUCH and TIME LINE)
Phase 2
15-50 years
- "Same Path" + First Phase experience
- Law Improvement "National Plan / Balanced GHGs / Sustainable Land Use (agriculture, livestock, forestry)"
- Goals 100 %
Phase 3
50-100 years
- "Stabilization"
- New Issues
- Goals: Stabilization at 100 % Balanced GHGs / Sustainable Land Use (agriculture, livestock, forestry)
For more detail along Phase 2 and 3 are necessary data for at least five years of Phase 1.
Related proposals
References
Héctor A. Hermida M.
http://www.agrosustentable.com.ar/
http://www.energiasustentables.com.ar
TOMPKINS CONSERVATION *
http://www.tompkinsconservation.org/home.htm
http://www.tompkinsconservation.org/farm_laguna_blanca.htm
VIDEOhttp://www.tompkinsconservation.org/argentine_farms.htm#prettyPhoto
USDA/NREL/COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY/GHG-ACThttp://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/ghg-resources.htmlhttp://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/techguide/Denef_et_al_2011_Review_of_reviews_v1.0.pdf
CCAFS
http://ccafs.cgiar.org/bigfacts/global-agriculture-emissions/
EPA
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Chapter-Executive-Summary.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html
UNEP
http://www.unep.org/pdf/2012gapreport.pdf
CDIAC
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/
LSE
http://www.cccep.ac.uk/Publications/Other/Global-Deal-Climate-Change.pdf
NICHOLAS STERN
https://www.humphreyfellowship.org/system/files/stern_summary___what_is_the_economics_of_climate_change.pdf
http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/~rmclima/pdfs/destaques/sternreview_report_complete.pdf
FAOSTAT
http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/G1/*/E
http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-download-js/PDF/EN/GT.pdf
IPCC
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch8s8-4-2.html
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter8.pdf
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter8.pdf
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch13s13-2-1-2.html
ROYAL SOCIETY
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1492/789.full.pdf
HAMILTON PROJECT
http://www.amacad.org/publications/daedalus/12_spring_greenstone_looney.pdf
IPCC
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch8.html
FAO
http://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/869/mainstream-crbn-blnce-apprsl-agric-prj-plics_099en.pdf
CANADA GOVERNMENT
http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/prb0038-e.htm
EPA
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Chapter-6-Agriculture.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Chapter-7-Land-Use-Land-Use-Change-and-Forestry.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Chapter-3-Energy.pdf
USDA
http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/detail.aspx?chartId=45973
CCAFS
http://ccafs.cgiar.org/bigfacts/livestock-emissions/
CCAFS
http://ccafs.cgiar.org/bigfacts/deforestation-emissions/
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch9.html
By:
agrosustentable
